Según la escala de civilizaciones alienígenas de Kardashov, podemos medir el desarrollo tecnológico de las posibles civilizaciones extraterrestres.
Desde hace más de 13 mil millones de años, el universo observable ha albergado a más de dos billones de galaxias con más de 20.000 billones de estrellas. Los científicos creen que aproximadamente 40 mil millones de planetas terrestres en la zona habitable de sus estrellas, únicamente refiriéndonos a la Vía Láctea. Viendo estos números únicamente aplicados a nuestra galaxia, es imposible no pensar que hay vida más allá de nosotros.
La escala de Kardashov sirve para medir el nivel tecnológico de una posible civilización alienígena en función de la cantidad de energía que pueden utilizar. Hay tres categorías en esta escala, según el astrónomo soviético Nikolai Kardashov publicado en 1964:
Tipo 1: Civilización planetaria
Pueden utilizar y almacenar toda la energía posible de su planeta. Se define como aquella que puede aprovechar toda la energía que car sobre el planeta desde su estrella madre.
Tipo 2: Civilización estelar
Utiliza y controla la energía de todo su sistema planetario. Es una civilización capaz de aprovechar toda la energía emitida por su estrella principal, por ejemplo la construcción exitosa de una esfera Dyson.
Tipo 3: Civilización galáctica
Puede controlar toda la energía de su galaxia. Tendrían acceso por ejemplo a toda la luminosidad de la Vía Láctea.
Kardashov creía que una civilización Tipo 4 sería imposible. Sin embargo se propusieron nuevos tipos para añadir a la escala (0, 4, 5, 6). Algunos científicos creen que existe la posibilidad de haber civilizaciones de los tipo 4 y 5, que se extenderían hasta poder controlar supercúmulos de galaxias y billones de estrellas.
No obstante, también podrían existir civilizaciones tipo Omega capaces de gobernar todo el universo.
La civilización humana, ¿qué tipo es?
En la actualidad la raza humana aún no ha logrado el estatus siquiera de Tipo 1. En unos 100-200 años podríamos alcanzar el Tipo 1 si las personas aumentaran su consumo de energía en un promedio del 3% anual. El Tipo 2 tardaríamos unos pocos miles de años y el Tipo 3 de 300.000 a 1 millón de años.
Esto demuestra que nuestra civilización está completamente expuesta al universo. En el caso de que alguna otra civilización alienígena nos visitara, serían probablemente del Tipo 2 o 3. Visto que nuestro planeta no llega aún al Tipo 1, estamos completamente expuestos.
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